Tales
& Legends

The donkey is such a faithful subject that we find it appearing in many stories, tales, and legends.

The Servant Turned into a Donkey Alsatian Tale from the Middle Ages 

Near Saverne, a widow owned a large mill. She had an only daughter, young and beautiful. The mill’s servant, a lively, strong, and cheerful young man, loved her and thought he would marry her one day.
He noticed that more than once, the mother and daughter would leave at the beginning of the night and only return at dawn. Tormented by jealousy, he resolved to spy on them. One evening, he hid under the miller's bed and waited. The woman went to bed first, then after a while, she got up, went to the cupboard, and took a small pot. The girl came too; the two women rubbed themselves with ointment, murmured a few words, and immediately disappeared into the kitchen—and he heard no more.

He then came out of his hiding place, took the pot, rubbed himself the same way, and whispered the same words. Suddenly, he felt irresistibly drawn toward the kitchen, toward the fireplace, and lifted off the ground. He didn’t know what was happening to him; he passed through the chimney and flew through the air at dizzying speed, to the point he thought he would lose consciousness.
Then he felt the ground beneath his feet again. But when he looked around, he found himself on the Bastberg, surrounded by witches who rushed toward him, seized him, and wanted to kill him. To his great dismay, he recognized among them the widow and her daughter. The latter pleaded on his behalf, so they spared his life but turned him into a donkey. The girl, who loved the young man, barely had time to whisper to him:
– You will be freed when you drink holy water.
In the morning, the donkey tried to run to a church, but a farmer caught him and never let him go. He made him work hard and tied him tightly. He had to carry the heaviest loads, received little food, but many beatings.
After a full year, on a beautiful summer afternoon, the donkey managed to escape and saw the church door open. He slipped inside—it was empty—hurried to a basin of holy water, and drank deeply. Instantly, the donkey vanished, and the mill servant stood in his place—a handsome and joyful young man who proudly walked out of the church.
However, he never returned to the mill where the witch and her daughter lived. He tore from his heart the first love that had led him to the Bastberg and turned him into a donkey.

Nazaire's Donkey Contemporary Tale – Paul Arène, Poet from Sisteron 

It is well known how attached donkeys are to their habits and how firmly rooted is the willpower that resides between their large, round, velvety eyes.
This particular donkey was exceptional in that regard.
Hardworking and resigned—but hardworking by reason and resigned by some mysterious donkey logic—he bore loads without protest, whether seeds or vegetables, as long as the weight didn’t exceed a maximum he had set for himself. For just an ounce more, he would lie down until he had been relieved of what, according to his donkey calculations, was excess.

The donkey belonged to a certain Mr. Nazaire, a natural enemy of schoolboys—his garden bordered the schoolyard where we played—and nicknamed by us Nazaire-Binoculars because, as a former naval commissioner, he was sometimes seen atop his home inspecting the horizon with a spyglass.
This donkey had, among other peculiarities, a strange habit. Was it a sense of cleanliness or mischievous teasing? I don’t know. But he had never been able to relieve himself in the stable like other donkeys. He needed open air and the sight of the street.
Whether he had stuffed himself with thistles the day before or had miserably chewed coarse chopped straw that serves as oats for poor donkeys, as soon as he left the stable and crossed the house threshold, he would shake himself, lift his tail, and the frugal Mr. Nazaire, armed with a shovel and broom, would rush to collect the excellent little pile of manure to fertilize his garden.
This had gone on for a long time when the town council, having discovered a great man and wanting to erect a statue in his honor, needed money and decided to auction off the city’s street cleaning.

The auction took place. A peasant from the lower district was named chief street sweeper; and from then on, the donkey became the cause of daily disputes between this peasant and Mr. Nazaire.
Mr. Nazaire, as before, wanted to keep the precious manure produced by his donkey, while the sweeper, confident in his official rights, claimed—rightfully so—that according to the contract, any manure touching the town pavement became his property.
They had to go to court, and that Saturday, we skipped school.
I still remember kind Mr. Trotabas, the judge, scratching his chin and filling his nose with snuff to clear his thoughts, while Mr. Nazaire and the sweeper loudly hurled insults and tried to argue their case.
– “The manure is mine,” said Mr. Nazaire, “since it’s made by my donkey, with my thistles and my straw.”
– “It’s mine,” replied the sweeper, “I have a right to anything that hits the street.”

The case was tricky, and Mr. Trotabas hesitated. However, public opinion leaned slightly in favor of the street sweeper.
In the end, after one last pinch of snuff, Mr. Trotabas called for silence and gave his ruling:
– “Listen, Nazaire, you're not wrong, but the sweeper is right. So, let’s compromise. Act like brothers. Share the object in dispute. The donkey dung from even days goes to you, Nazaire, and the odd days to the sweeper.”
Our local motto is: “All or nothing”; in touching agreement, both Nazaire and the sweeper refused.
– “In that case, since an agreement is impossible, I rule in favor of the street sweeper. However, here’s a piece of advice,” added Mr. Trotabas, the most conciliatory of men, “talk to your donkey, Nazaire, convince him to do indoors what he usually does outdoors. Donkeys are sometimes less stubborn than some litigants and may respond to a kind word. And if your donkey insists, you could always hang a basket under his tail. The manure will be yours—as long as it doesn’t touch the ground.”
Apparently, the donkey held his ground, for following this Solomonic verdict, for twenty years—whether donkeys or men, regular habits lead to long life—we saw Mr. Nazaire’s donkey heading to the fields every morning with a basket hanging precisely where dogs rarely wear muzzles.

The Little Donkey Grimm’s Tale 

Once upon a time, there was a king and queen who had everything they wanted, except a child. The queen was devastated and lamented day and night: “I am like barren land where nothing grows.”
At last, heaven heard her prayers; but when the child was born, it didn’t look human at all—it was a little donkey. When his mother saw him, she wept even more:
– I would rather have no child at all than a donkey as a son. He should be thrown into the water and eaten by fish.
But the king disagreed:
– God gave him to us; he will be my son and heir, and when I die, he shall sit on the throne and wear the royal crown.
So they raised the little donkey as best they could, and he grew up well. He enjoyed life, played, laughed—but above all, he loved music. So he went to a famous musician and said:
– Teach me your art. I want to play the lute as well as you.
“Poor little one,” sighed the musician. “Your fingers aren’t made to play the lute; they’re too big—I’m afraid the strings won’t hold.”
But the little donkey was determined. He persisted and eventually succeeded. He became so diligent and focused that he learned to play as well as his master.

One day, the little donkey wandered and arrived at a well. There, he saw his donkey face reflected in the water. Saddened by what he saw, he set out into the world, taking only his faithful companion. They traveled far and wide and eventually reached a kingdom ruled by an old king. He had one daughter, who was very beautiful.
– We'll stay here for a while, the little donkey decided.
He knocked on the castle gate and cried:
– A guest is at your door! Open up and let him in!
When no one answered, he sat down and began to play his lute beautifully with his front hooves.
The porter, surprised, ran to tell the king:
– Outside, at the gate, there’s a little donkey playing the lute like a master.
– Bring him in, said the king.
When the donkey entered the grand hall with his lute, everyone laughed at him. They sent him to eat with the servants, but he protested:
– I’m not from a common stable—I come from noble blood!
– If you’re so noble, go eat with the soldiers.
– No, I want to sit with the king.
The king laughed and, in good humor, agreed:
– All right, little donkey, come sit by me.
Then he asked:
– And what do you think of my daughter?
The donkey looked at her from head to toe:
– I like her very much; I’ve never seen a more beautiful girl.
– Then go sit beside her, said the king.
– Gladly! said the donkey, and he ate and drank with excellent manners.
He stayed at court for some time. “There’s no point in delaying,” he thought one day, “you must go home.”
Sad and with his head low, he asked the king for permission to leave. But the king had grown fond of him and asked:
– What’s wrong, little donkey? You look so sad. Stay here. I’ll give you whatever you want. Gold? Jewels? Half my kingdom?
– No, no, no.
– If only I knew what would make you happy. Do you want to marry my daughter?
– Oh yes! She’s what I want most.
So they held a grand wedding feast. That night, the king ordered a servant to hide in the bridal chamber to observe the little donkey.
When the couple were alone, the donkey locked the door and removed his donkey skin, revealing a handsome young prince.
– Now you know who I am. I’m not unworthy of you.
The bride embraced him and fell deeply in love. In the morning, he put the donkey skin back on. No one suspected a thing.
The king was amazed when he heard the servant’s story. That night, he watched himself. At dawn, he took the skin and burned it. When the prince awoke and couldn’t find it, he panicked:
– I must flee!
But the king stopped him:
– Where are you going, my dear son? Stay. You are a fine young man. I’ll give you half my kingdom now, and the rest later.
– May this happy beginning bring a happy ending.
The young prince became king and, after his own father's death, inherited that kingdom too. He lived magnificently ever after.

July 28 was the day of the votive festival of Saint Nazaire, one of the city's patron saints, who had given his name to the cathedral (now a basilica in the Cité).

This popular festival, held alongside the religious celebrations and processions, unfolded as follows:

  • The last man to marry that year, the cap de jovent, dressed in a black suit and wearing a top hat, would ride a donkey through the streets of the Cité. He wore a pair of horns from which vegetables (clearly phallic symbols) were hanging. He was accompanied by the town’s youth, who danced farandoles all day long, singing the old tune: “siás coiol, paure òme...” (You’re cuckolded, poor man).
  • Women were expected to kiss the horns as a sign of allegiance.

The celebration ended with a grand ball and a big evening feast, held in front of the Narbonne Gate.

The ball opened with the “battle of the gabels,” or vine shoots: married men would enter the ball with a handful of vine branches and beat the youngsters to chase them away!

Today, the festival is held in October. It has lost its burlesque side, but it still survives and continues.

It was carried in procession twice a year. A girl, representing the Virgin Mary on her way to Egypt, would ride a donkey while holding a child in her arms, leading a long procession. At the end of Mass, instead of saying “Ite, missa est”, the priest would bray three times with all his might, and the people would respond in chorus.

It was one of the city's oldest relics. Tradition held that this donkey, having carried Our Lord during His entry into Jerusalem, no longer wished to remain in the city. It was said to have walked on the sea, as firm as its hoof, passing through Cyprus, Rhodes, Crete, Malta, and Sicily; then to have stayed in Aquileia, before finally settling in Verona, where it lived for a very long time.

In the Middle Ages, the Feast of Fools and the Feast of the Donkey were very popular.

The Feast of Fools was celebrated on Christmas Day (December 25), New Year’s Day, or Epiphany. It echoed the Roman Saturnalia. It was a time of freedom when servants became masters and masters servants. For one day only, society’s established values were turned upside down, and religion was mocked.

The Feast of the Donkey was celebrated in certain towns on Christmas Eve or during second vespers on December 25. This feast was a crude parody of worship, commemorating the Flight into Egypt. A young girl holding a child in her arms would enter the church on a beautifully adorned donkey, followed by a procession of fools. During the Mass, all prayers ended with “hee-haw.” Then the donkey was led out of the church to the crowd’s cheers and the clamour of bells. The Church soon banned these celebrations, judging them obscene.

Below are links to documents, books, and novels related to donkeys.

Documentaries 

AVOIR UN ÂNE CHEZ SOI – Claude LUX and Irène VAN DE PONSELE – Maloine, Cheval pratique
A practical guide to donkey care.

BIEN CONNAÎTRE LES ÂNES ET LES MULETS – René METZ
History and practice regarding donkeys and their cousins.

CRÈCHES ET TRADITIONS DE NOËL – Réunion des Musées Nationaux
To rediscover the benevolent, gift-bearing donkey of Christian tradition.

L'ÂNE GRAND NOIR DU BERRY – Emmanuel LAGARDE. Veterinary doctoral thesis, 1995
Everything about this beautiful donkey breed, officially recognized in 1994 by the National Studs.

L'ÂNE, SA VIE, SON HISTOIRE – Pierre GILLARD and Bernard BOUTET. Haut Berry Genealogy Circle
By two enthusiasts dedicated to the rehabilitation of the Grand Noir du Berry donkey.

LEXIQUE DES SYMBOLES – Olivier BEIGDEBER – Zodiaque
The donkey appears frequently on sculpted capitals in Romanesque churches, sometimes benevolent, sometimes demonic.

LE LIVRE DE L'ÂNE – Alain RAVENEAU and Jacky DAVEZE – Rustica
"His history, his family, his training, his whole life" – an ambitious program for this engaging book offering a broad panorama of donkey knowledge.

VOYAGE AVEC MON ÂNE SUR LES CHEMINS DE COMPOSTELLE – Guy DUFFROY – Albin MICHEL
Guy Duffroy walked 5,500 km in the footsteps of 12th-century pilgrims, accompanied by Ramire, his donkey.

TRAVELS WITH A DONKEY IN THE CÉVENNES – R.L. STEVENSON – Encre, Itinéraires Collection
The real-life adventures of the author of Treasure Island in 1878 with Modestine, "a scrawny little donkey, barely bigger than a dog."

ANTOINETTE IN THE CÉVENNES – Film by Caroline Vignal – 2020 – 1h37
With Laure Calamy, Benjamin Lavernhe, Olivia Côte
Antoinette has been looking forward to a romantic getaway with her lover, Vladimir. But when he cancels their plans to hike the Cévennes with his wife and daughter, Antoinette doesn't hesitate – she follows him! On arrival, no Vladimir – only Patrick, a stubborn donkey who becomes her unlikely travel companion...

Adult Novels 

TO LIFE, TO DEATH – Andrée CHEOID – Flammarion
A collection of short stories. The first, The Ancestor and His Donkey, tells the story of Assad and his donkey Saf-Saf. Man and animal remain faithful to each other until death, even when Assad's newfound fortune causes his family to be ashamed of Saf-Saf.

THE DONKEY – Guy DE MAUPASSANT – Gallimard, Bibliothèque de la Pléiade
This short story, grouped under The Massacre of the Innocents in this edition, tells of two poachers who, after killing a donkey, try to pass it off as a deer to sell it to a tavern owner.

THE GOLDEN ASS or THE METAMORPHOSES – APULEIUS – Gallimard
This 2nd-century Latin author's work is one of many tales about a man transformed into a donkey. As a donkey, Lucius witnesses human life in his time. Despite a few moments of fortune, his existence is far from enviable.
On the same theme, The Luciade or the Donkey by Lucius of Patras predates Apuleius' version.

THE DONKEY OF WISDOM – Tawfik EL HAKIM – L’Harmattan, Arab Writings Collection, 1987
A semi-autobiographical novel in which a donkey, bought for his beauty then forgotten and dying far from his master, becomes “the friend who was born and died without speaking to me, yet who taught me.”

BESTIARY WITHOUT FORGETTING – Maurice GENEVOIX – Plon
With tenderness and nostalgia, the author recalls visiting Cadet, the donkey of his childhood home. As an adult, he never failed to greet Cadet upon returning home.

MEDIEVAL FABLES – THE VILLAGE DONKEY DRIVER | THE DONKEY’S WILL – RUTEBEUF – Gallimard, Folio
The first fabliau features a working donkey collecting manure under his master's guidance. In the second, by Rutebeuf, a priest accused of burying his donkey in a cemetery avoids trouble thanks to the donkey’s “posthumous generosity.”

THE HIGH FOLLIES OF NASREDDIN HODJA – Phébus, Turkish Collection
Nasreddin Hodja, a Turkish scholar and writer, lived in Anatolia in the 13th century. Now a legendary character across the Turkish and Persian worlds, he stars in moral, absurd, and comical tales, always finding a clever way out.

NATURAL HISTORIES – Jules RENARD – Gallimard
The donkey: "The grown-up rabbit." The man’s work companion captured with one of Renard’s famously sharp portrayals.

HEARTACHES OF AN ENGLISH CAT – DONKEY’S GUIDE FOR ANIMALS SEEKING HONOR – Honoré DE BALZAC – Flammarion
Written for Scenes from the Public and Private Life of Animals, a collective work illustrated by Grandville. At the Animal Tribune, a donkey speaks out, seeking to rehabilitate his kind in the eyes of the world.

PLATERO AND I – Juan-Ramón JIMÉNEZ – Seghers
Written in 1914 by the Nobel Prize winner of 1956. A poetic account of the days shared between a poet and Platero, his silver-grey donkey (from “plata” in Spanish), in Andalusia.

THE ROMANCE OF REYNARD THE FOX – Gallimard, Mille Soleils Collection
Two donkeys appear in this famous medieval text: Fromnont, foolish and gullible, and Brother Bernard, an archpriest devoted to mortification. They each embody traditional donkey roles — the simpleton and the sacred beast.

THE VERY LOWLY – Christian BOBIN – Gallimard
Inspired by the life of Saint Francis of Assisi, this novel won the Grand Prize for Catholic Literature in 1993.

Children’s Novels 

THE DONKEY IN PANTS – Henri BOSCO – Gallimard, Folio Junior
The donkey wears velvet trousers on his front legs. When Constantin meets him, he can’t help but laugh. Curious, he asks around about this odd donkey, but no one will talk.

THE SHOW-OFF JENNY – Alfred HITCHCOCK – Hachette, Bibliothèque Verte
Hannibal wins a crossword competition far too easily. The first prize: a trip to Mexico. He and his friends soon find themselves entangled in a suspicious affair. They unravel the mystery with the help of Blondie, a white jenny.

BRAVE LITTLE DONKEYS – Hilda PERERA – Nathan, Arc en Poche
In the village, the young donkeys work tirelessly without complaining despite being beaten. But one day, it’s too much—they start misbehaving. Animal and child allies against the cruelty and foolishness of adults.

SOPHIE’S MISFORTUNES – Chapter 19: THE DONKEY – Countess of SÉGUR – Hachette
Sophie mistreats the donkey she was given to help her work in the garden.

MEMOIRS OF A DONKEY – Countess of SÉGUR – Hachette
After many hardships, Cadichon the donkey finds peace and love with his young master Jacques. These 19th-century “memoirs” reflect a shift in how donkeys were viewed—not just as work animals.

THE POPE’S MULE from LETTERS FROM MY WINDMILL – Alphonse DAUDET – Many editions
The Pope’s mule, pampered by her master, is mistreated by Tistet Védène, the Pope’s servant. She patiently waits seven years to take spectacular revenge.

PASSE-MONTAGNE AT THE DONKEY SCHOOL – Florence DESMAZURES – Hachette, Mini Rose Collection
Strange things are happening at Paul’s school—three mischievous donkeys whisper bad ideas to students, getting them in trouble with the teacher...

THE LITTLE WHITE DONKEY – Joseph KESSEL – Gallimard, Mille Soleils Collection
Bachir, a young beggar, recounts the story of himself and his beautiful little white donkey, who seems too fine a companion for someone like him.

Tales 

DJEHA'S DONKEY – Rabah BELAMRI – L’Harmattan
A bilingual Arabic-French album.
One of the countless adventures of Djeha, “the smartest man on earth,” who uses his donkey—whose droppings he claims are made of silver—to play clever tricks on seven guilty brothers he meets along the way.

THE DONKEY AND THE HORSE – Marcet AYME – Gallimard, Folio Cadet Bleu
Delphine and Mannette imagine that if they were a donkey and a horse, life would be more pleasant. The next morning, a donkey and a horse indeed wake up in the beds of the two girls. Since the story takes place on a farm, they are immediately put to work.
Magic and the everyday blend humorously in this story taken from The Tales of the Perched Cat.

THE ADVENTURES OF PINOCCHIO – Carlo COLLODI – Gallimard
Here, the donkey symbolizes ignorance and laziness and is an object of scorn. For choosing the Land of Toys over school, Pinocchio is given long donkey ears. Soon, he is completely transformed into a donkey and works in a circus. Lame, he risks being turned into a drum skin—a common use for donkey hides in Italy.

TALES OF AMADOU KOUMBA THE JENNY – Birago DIOP – Présence Africaine
The many donkeys present in Africa provide rich material for traditional tales.

TALES FROM BURGUNDY – THE ROCK OF THE DONKEY’S FOOT – Hachette, Vermeille Collection
Also called the Rock of the Donkey’s Step. You can still see this rock marked by the hoof of Saint Martin’s donkey after the prodigious leap that carried the animal and rider out of reach of their pursuers.

MEDIEVAL TALES – THE DONKEY IN THE LION'S SKIN – THE UNLUCKY DONKEY – Grund, Legends and Tales of All Countries Collection
Two of many medieval tales where the donkey, man’s usual companion in labor, intervenes.

AFRICAN FABLES – THE DONKEY AND THE NIGHTINGALE – THE LION AND THE DONKEY – Jean KNAPPERT – Flammarion, Castor Pocket Collection
Two short East African tales in which the donkey does not come off well.

MALICE AND THE DONKEY THAT SHITS GOLD and Other Haitian Tales – Mimi BARTHELEMY – Syros (Storyteller’s Words)
Malice plays tricks on the king, making him believe he owns a donkey whose droppings are gold.

THE MILLER, HIS SON AND THE DONKEY – AESOP – Nord-Sud
A version of the famous fable where the donkey is not the humble, submissive animal we might imagine.

THE TOWN MUSICIANS OF BREMEN – GRIMM – Deux Coqs d’Or
To escape their cruel masters, a donkey, a dog, a cat, and a rooster travel together until they find a house in the forest inhabited by robbers. Together, they use their wits to drive out the robbers and settle in.

DONKEY SKIN – Charles PERRAULT – Many Editions
Though the king’s donkey leaves gold coins on its bedding each morning, it is nonetheless sacrificed, and its skin hides the princess fleeing her father, who wants to marry her.



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